Outsourcing: Race to the bottom?
We all know that free trade forces our capitalists to outsource and exploit the poorest countries in the world. It leads to a “race to the bottom” in wages, work safety, and environmental standards. Of course, as John Stossel put it, “What we all know isn’t necessarily so.” Let’s leave the neo-Marxist rhetoric behind and look at the facts: Americans invest twice as much capital in Canada than in all of South America. Our foreign direct invest in a tiny rock called Hong Kong exceeds that in all of mainland China. We outsource three times as much capital to Australia than India. We invest in Luxemburg, one of the global leaders in labor and environmental standards, seven times more than in all of Africa with its huge “reserve army” of desperately poor workers and corrupt governments who couldn’t care less for the fate of the mountain gorilla or the black rhinoceros.
Yes, free trade and outsourcing provide financial capital that helps the growth of the Third World. More importantly, it assists in the dissemination of knowledge and skills, transfers cleaner technologies than the available domestic ones, and creates more job opportunities for the indigenous populations. It expands their middle class, increasing the demand for better environmental and working conditions. But guess what? The world’s largest recipient of foreign direct investment are not the countries where capitalists can pay low wages and dump their toxic waste into the rivers. It’s us, the United States of America.
In 2010 we attracted a total of $194 billion with 84 percent of it coming from eight of the wealthiest nations in the world: Canada, Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. The stock of foreign direct investment in America exceeds $2 trillion, opening hundreds of thousands of jobs (such as one out of every three jobs in our manufacturing sector) and generating a significant part of our wealth. Just as American businesses abroad pay wages that are significantly higher than the prevailing market rates in those countries, foreign companies based here typically pay higher salaries than our corporations—an average annual compensation of $68,000 per employee.
Are you mystified by the fact that most of the world’s foreign investment flows among the wealthiest nations? The answer is simple. Those who run their own business know that, while regulations and labor costs play an important role in their decisions to invest, making profits depends on a smoothly functioning legal system that protects private property rights, a well-educated and disciplined workforce, and good supporting infrastructure. Free trade encourages all of that.
Do you really care for the poor? I mean poor as in the starving orphans in the sub-Saharan region, not the overweight welfare recipients in Carbondale, Ill., who are having a hard time paying their cable and cell phone bills. If so, join the so-called “race to the bottom”—take your savings out of the bank and open up a sweatshop in Niger.

















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back to top41 Comments to “Outsourcing: Race to the bottom?”
Who is meant by “we”?
And let’s talk about the number of workers employed and their wages from “we”, not airy-fairy numbers like these. I wonder how much of this supposedly huge investment in “Hong Kong” actually went to pay workers a couple of bucks a day on the mainland. Most of it, I suspect. And how much in Australia actually went to hire folks in Indonesia, Korea or Japan.
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Capital has no conscience and no nationality. It is up to people and governments to impose the conscience.
In that context, most of what Mr Pitts is describing is just a vast money-laundering scheme, designed to make dirty money look clean.
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“…not the overweight welfare recipients in Carbondale, Ill., who are having a hard time paying their cable and cell phone bills…”
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Tokarev is one of the most ardent defenders of sweatshop labor I’ve ever encountered. O
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I hope that Tokarev was not serious about his last sentence, although even if he was joking, the joke was in poor taste. Had I the capital to open a business anywhere in the developing world, I would consider it my duty as a Christian, to pay my employees a just wage and to ensure safe working conditions.
I also am wondering how Tokarev is defining the wealthiest nations in the world. Most of the countries he lists are debt ridden, with serious societal problems. He completely ignores the growing power of the BRIC nations. World recently had a short article about how a return to a gold standard in the US would actually increase India’s economic power. There was a report a couple of weeks ago in Canadian news about how wealthy business owners from China were driving up the housing market on our west coast. And, from an article in the Telegraph:
“Over the past 10 years, the growth in the Brics has been amazing, with 15 times more billionaires than in 2001 and 16 times more internet users than in 2001. Despite this stunning growth, more is still forecast, with China predicted to have more middle-income households than the US by 2013 and India by 2020.”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/8870141/The-Brics-remain-the-growth-engines-of-the-global-economy.html
If the foreign investment flows among the wealthiest nations, than the West is set for a serious upset.
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Tokarev is exactly right. Over time smart poor countries can create a middle class, develop decent education, environmental standards, and rule of law. Gradually, this creates local and foreign capital investment that results in an advanced, country with decent wages such as South Korea and Japan and other tiger nations.
There are no shortcuts to this sort of development. Numerous socialist governments have tried it; all in the end manage to fail.
The Wall Street Journal in an article today, World’s Extreme Poverty Cut in Half Since 1990, remarks as follows on the relative success in recent of private economies:
For 2008, the latest year with full global data available, about 1.29 billion — roughly 22% of the developing world’s population — lived below $1.25 a day. In 1981, 1.94 billion people lived in extreme poverty. The bank’s latest figures are based on more than 850 household surveys in about 130 countries. The region with the highest extreme poverty rate was Sub-Saharan Africa, where about 47% lived below $1.25 a day.
The leftist folk above would indeed do well to go to Africa and open up a successful sweat shop. Of course, one would have to acquire business rather than hand-wringing and whining skill.
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Interesting article! His major point is that the US is the world’s biggest recipient of foreign investment. This is a fact which I dare say most of us did not know.
His last paragraph is shocking in its political incorrectness. As a native of Bulgaria, I believe Mr. Tokarev could teach most Americans a great deal about poverty, freedom and life.
His final point is really interesting. He is saying:
If we invest in a foreign investment mutual fund, our money will go to
Canada or Hong Kong. If we really want to help the poor in Africa,
don’t give to a charity, invest in a business that will create jobs for the
poorest people on earth.
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Tokarev fails to point out that a sweat shop in Africa would return sweat equity in a paltry business. Smart charity would support micro-loans managed by established Christian missionaries who would pray with the community on where the Lord may be blessing them. Return on Equity would continue to fund the missionary or would allow recipients the consequences of their diligence or lack thereof. All cross cultural missionaries should be open and generous with this type of investment as an incarnational experience with their adopted culture.
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I’m surprised Dr. Tokarev would suggest we “care for the poor of Niger” with our investments. According to the State Department, Niger is overrun with al-Qaeda terrorists intent on kidnapping any Westerners they can get their hands on.
Personally, I care first for the poor who are my own countrymen—-those are my neighbors. Unfortunately, me-first capitalists like Tokarev don’t seem to have a real allegiance to the welfare of any country.
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Actually, Alex Tokarev, like Adam Smith, Hayek, Friedman, and Mises, understands the economic fundamentals that apply to all nations. He well understands that such principles of free trade including outsourcing in the long run vastly benefits all nations. He quite lacks Ron Paul’s rather narrow view of international economic affairs.
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Debra @9 Four of the five paragraphs in the article detail how your country is the biggest recipient of foreign investment in the world.
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I’d much much rather the order of the day were American owned companies producing in America and employing Americans—for the most part. If you don’t mind China or Germany or Japan taking over that role for Americans, then you’re probably happy with the current state of affairs, Ricky. And granted, it’s much preferable to greatly increased unemployment. I just always thought we could do better than that. Apparently we’re not all that exceptional.
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Its too bad we don’t have a breakdown of the type of investment being made. Differiating between finiancial, manurfacturing and resource investments may indicate motive and whether sweatshop labour is the motive behind overseas manufacturing investment.
In some cases, capital is simply moved from one country to another in a series of paper/electronic shuffling from finiancial institution to another with no real investment ie manufacturing. In other cases, investment is lured by vast natural resources, geographical proximently, and stability. The US invests in Canada not because of manufacturing opportunities but oil, natural gas, timber, diamonds, etc. In other cases, the site of investment acts as funnel to an other location. Hong Kong is the best example.
If I was an American, I would be worried about the amount foreign investment.Why do the Germans build a Volkswagon assembly plant in the old South? As its an assembly plant, its not for the engineering expertise but the cheap labour supply. Now when the Chinese begins to outsource work to the US, I would be very worried.
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American car companies are dinosaurs. I am thankful that foreign companies are investing here. In the 21st century, manufacturing will take place in countries with large amounts of raw materials and poorly educated people. I think that accurately describes the US.
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Sails
There are no shortcuts to this sort of development. Numerous socialist governments have tried it; all in the end manage to fail.
You mention the success of the Asian countries which contraidicts your point. All Asian countries started the road to middle class success with huge state/corporate partnerships, tariffs, and subsidies. South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia,etc all employed some form of state planning prior to loosening regulations (not to mention China which still practises all forms of protection while its economy boomed).
Free trade works to developed nations’ advanatge not poorer countries. The UK ended its policy of tariffs in the 19th century and pressed other nations to join them in free trade only after it established itself as the workshop of the world. Mandatory free trade between India and the UK in the late 19th and early 20th century led to the decline of the Indian textile industry and replaceing those jobs with lower paying agricultural jobs.
Free trade is only mutually beneifical between compatible countriess in terms of labour/environmental regulation, and development level.
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Ricky Weaver — are you suggesting the German economic model is better than the US? the German post war model was devised FDR’s advisers, perhaps Americans should take a second look at FDR’s ideas?
As for education — the American elementary system is ranked 14 out of 65 countries as ranked by the OECD. The US is ahead of the UK, Sweden, and Germany. The top 3 are South Korea, Finland, and Canada — three countries who have comletely different approaches to education indicating there is no one model for success.
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Are people forced to work in sweat shops? No? Well, then why do they do it? Obviously they want the jobs. Raising the wages would cause far fewer jobs and possibly a decision to invest elsewhere. How does that help a poor country?
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Sails & Xion: Shouldn’t Biblical perspective on how to run a business be relevant on a Christian site? What does God say about wages? “Masters, give unto your servants that which is just and equal.” (Colossians 4:1) What does the Bible say about ensuring the safety of others? “When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a battlement for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thine house, if any man fall from thence.” (Deuteronomy 22:8) Therefore a sweatshop, which by definition pays unfair wages and imposes unsafe conditions on its workers, is not an option for Christian business owner.
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Tsk, tsk, Phos. Are you attempting to bring Biblical ethics to bear in the exalted arena of Economics? Don’t bother. Ethics–Christian or otherwise—has no seat at the table in a discussion of Economics. The last time I brought up the morality of a policy under discussion, Reader informed me that was the province of Political Science not Economics.
The gods apparently have their own jealously guarded turf, which would partially explain the hellish nature of the heavens and earth they create. For when righteousness is meticulously excised from any equation in which humans are a significant factor, what hope is there of a good outcome? ;–)
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Phos and Debra: Applause.
Xion: Boos and hisses.
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HRW @16 The reason that foreign-owned auto plants in the US can succeed without government bailouts is that they are located in the South and use nonunion labor. I noticed you used elementary school statistics in education. By the time US students are finished with their education, a huge share of them are not ready for college and would do well to find a manufacturing job.
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Ha. I’m sure those people would love to find manufacturing jobs. Unfortunately, our public policy has incentivized the creation of many manufacturing jobs overseas rather than right here in the US. So don’t send all those jobless folks down here looking for work; these jobs are FILLED! :–)
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Debra, We may have found a point of agreement. In Texas we joke that we need a border fence on the Mason -Dixon line rather than on the Rio Grande.
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HRW claims:
“Free trade works to developed nations’ advanatge not poorer countries.”
conan and a few others claim the opposite:
“free trade exports our prosperity”
could you, anti-globalists, finally come to an agreement
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I think you are right, Debra. I would have picked up on it earlier if I could have heard your accent.
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Debra, you say: “The last time I brought up the morality of a policy under discussion, Reader informed me that was the province of Political Science not Economics.” Could you remind me in what context and my exact words? It is possible that you have missed my point.
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Phos, what are “unfair wages” by definition? Two dollars a day? Fifty cents an hour?
I’m not an expert on this subject, but have probably dealt with this subject more than most on this blog. I’ve seen pretty good evidence that the presence of factories is one of the first steps in many countries’ climb out of poverty (including the U.S.). Initially they’re often dangerous and don’t pay well, but they insert options into an economy that weren’t there before. They don’t pay “well” by American standards, but they do pay well enough to give people food to eat, and to entice them to work there (a much better option than prostitution, crime, or begging). Over time, as nations climb out of poverty, building safety standards go up as well. (See how easily Haiti was devastated by an earthquake because itss buildings are so flimsy.)
I don’t think we can say what are fair wages “by definition.” For example, one statistic I hear a lot is how many people around the world earn two dollars or less a day, or a dollar and a quarter or less a day. Yet these numbers don’t really tell us very much. For example, in a book I edited on this subject (one that has become rather a primer, known in the field), the authors tell a story about an impoverished area with a church that chose to give very small loans to members who had financial need. They chose not to give the money to those who needed help paying the water or electric bill, since those were recurring expenses that should have been budgeted for, or to bills for birth of a baby, since the family had several months to prepare for the hospital bill for a birth. I questioned the story. This is an area where people are earning two dollars or less a day, and they have electricity and running water and they have their babies in hospitals?! Yes, I was told; the information was accurate.
Well, guess what, in America one cannot even be homeless for two dollars a day! It costs more than that to eat basic food that doesn’t need to be cooked (and/or some means of buying prepared food or preparing it) and some form of clothing occasionally. One simply must have donations or earnings of more than two dollars a day. Two dollars a day in an area where two dollars a day can provide housing, clothing, food, utilities, and medical care is not comparable to two dollars a day in North America. If Americans were to pay those citizens three dollars a day, many would call it a sweatshop, but instead it would be good and fair wages–and it might well be a first step toward a higher standard of living in which children no longer have to work to help keep the family from starvation.
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Cheryl, a just wage would be one adjusted to the cost of living in the country in which the workers live and work. For one place, that may be two dollars a day, in another, five dollars an hour. The important thing is that the worker and their family should be have enough food to keep them nourished, adequate clothing and shelter, and a little extra for schooling would not be amiss.
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As for safe working conditions, we in the West now know how to arrange an assembly line so that workers are not injured and what chemicals are dangerous. So there should be no allowing such dangerous conditions in overseas factories. Link: http://www.cbc.ca/dispatches/episode/2012/02/16/february-16-19-from-santa-ana-california—sudan—beijing—berlin/
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*our factories overseas
Embedded link failed – Click on the hyperlink and scroll down and click on the Inside the Factories audio file to listen.
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#18 Phos “Sails & Xion: Shouldn’t Biblical perspective on how to run a business be relevant on a Christian site? What does God say about wages?”
Of course. Those are instructions for Christian employers. One would hope that Christian employers would do better than the rest.
But do you think those workers would prefer that corporations pull out and not provide those jobs if they don’t meet your standards of fairness? If not, then why do you judge another man’s servant?
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@27 Reader,
I think the topic may have been salad. (Yes, salad.) But I don’t remember the name of the thread, and don’t ask me to quote you in context because I can’t. It’s entirely possible that you were attempting to be snarky, something I never ever ever ever ever do. Nor do I exaggerate.
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@32 Xion “If not, then why do you judge another man’s servant? “
You’re kidding, right? This is a political blog. Judging another man’s servant is what we do mostly. :–)
If people want to support sweatshop friendly policies, let ‘em. Just don’t be surprised when Socialism loses its comparatively noxious reputation.
Righteousness exalts a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people. No voting for or against required.
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Debra, I found this piece about salad
http://online.worldmag.com/2010/01/12/give-us-cushions-or-give-us-death/
there’s plenty by me but no comments by you. it would help if you tell me exactly where you disagree with me so I can respond
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Cheryl: If Americans were to pay those citizens three dollars a day, many would call it a sweatshop, but instead it would be good and fair wages–and it might well be a first step toward a higher standard of living in which children no longer have to work to help keep the family from starvation.
You’re correct that what sounds like a low wage here is actually a good living in some other nations. But that’s one reason offshoring of American jobs has become so rampant.
There’s more to being a sweatshop than pay, though. It also refers to working conditions — when workers are required to work 12 hours a day, six days a week, with only two or three 10-minute breaks allowed, that’s a sweatshop even if the pay is good.
And that’s another attraction of offshoring — to avoid the American regulatory structure that creates reasonable working condtions — an 8-hour day, a five-day week, paid vacation, paid sick time, etc.
Some people argue for weakening America’s protections to become more competitive — witness the ongoing attacks and demonizing of unions — while others suggest just not allowing companies to send our jobs overseas for the sake of higher profits.
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Xion, they aren’t my standards, they are the standards of business in the West, brought up to the mark by Christian influences over time. A company which benefits from the protection of Western goverments, but treats its third-world employees as with a lower standard is hypocritical and opportunistic. I believe you once agreed with me that we needed to point out when injustice and wrong were being commited.
Furthermore, Tokarev is writing to a Christian audience and recommending that we open a sweatshop. He may have been speaking in hyperbole, but then Christians started to defend the existence of sweatshops on purely economic grounds. I simply brought up the Biblical aspect.
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@33 Reader,
I’m impressed that you went to the trouble to look it up, but I’m sorry, I’m afraid I have confused the threads and that is not the correct one after all. However, I’m thinking it was close in time to the Salad thread. And remember, I commented as ‘DJ’ for about a year, and changed my name along with several other people after someone suggested that it was confusing for so many commenters to use initials rather than names. (I have a bio under ‘Debra’ in Meet the Regulars below if anyone is interested.)
Regarding my comment @19, can I conclude then, that you disagree with the assertion regarding morality/ethics and Economics?
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positive economics studies the world as it is, looking at facts and correlations, trying to make sense of patterns, understanding what works and what doesn’t.
when we choose between products or policies we unavoidably act informed by our values – that’s “normative” economics. the point is that you can’t engage in the latter without the former.
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24 Reader — I’m not anti-globalist (who is?). the left, right or centre are not monolithic and individuals have individual opinions.
29 PHOS “just wage” — a phrase we have to bring back into ciruclation.
Debra
If people want to support sweatshop friendly policies, let ‘em. Just don’t be surprised when Socialism loses its comparatively noxious reputation.
you called??? you nailed it. In the period between the post-war and the early 70s, socailism lost its appeal in North AMerican simply because corporations and government mitigated the extremes and created a large middle class consisting not just of professionals but also tradesmen and manufacturing workers. As the middle class becomes smaller and smaller, socialism (and other protest movements) become more appealing.
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“overweight welfare recipients in Carbondale, Ill.” This is sadly true. Unfortunately, many people may not want to put their money towards something like a sweatshop because they are protectionists. Protectionists think that foreign competition is a bad thing. They’re the paranoid ones in the supermarket howling about how everything is made in China. Tell them “the more the merrier” let us trade with them, in fact, let’s trade with the world. Outsourcing is a good thing! It does not mean less jobs for America, it means different jobs from America. We no longer see a lot of people doing manual labor, and that’s because those sorts of jobs have either been up graded, or sent overseas. It is a bit uncomfortable for some to sit in an office all day, but this is America, while we still have privatized businesses, why doesn’t that person become a carpender? Or any other sort of tradesman? But hurry, we may not have businesses like that if we keep leaning on the government instead of our own two hands.
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